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The frequency diverse array (FDA) technique is a novel scheme for high resolution wide swath synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging, which employs a frequency increment across the array elements. This introduces a range-angle-dependence to the transmission steering vector, which is exploited for range ambiguity resolution in strip-map SAR. Generally in spotlight mode, scatterers dispersively distributed in azimuth have different Doppler histories, in which the range ambiguity resolution for strip-map SAR fails. To extend the flexibility of FDA, in this paper a novel FDA imaging scheme for spotlight mode SAR is proposed. Exploiting the property of the same illuminated period of all scatterers in spotlight mode, the proposed scheme is carried out entirely in the azimuth time domain, which allows for higher processing efficiency and real-time implementations. Still, excessive Doppler history differences among scatterers deteriorate the scheme performance for azimuth-edge scatterers. Aiming at this situation, a residual angle phase compensation in time domain is considered for the cases of a large azimuth beam width, improving the applicability of the proposed scheme. Compared with existing methods, the proposed spotlight FDA-SAR offers the possibility of achieving simultaneously high azimuth resolution and wide swath performance with high efficiency. Simulations and analyses are performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed spotlight FDA-SAR scheme.

A Novel Time-Domain Frequency Diverse Array HRWS Imaging Scheme for Spotlight SAR