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It is important to distinguish between two common defects, fatigue cracks and reflective cracks, and determine their locations (the top and bottom) in the highway pavement because they require individually targeted treatment measures. Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) has the potential to detect cracks in the highway pavement due to the change of the electromagnetic properties of highway-pavement media, arising from the existences of cracks. By using a theoretical analysis and a numerical simulation, we compare the characteristics of corresponding radargrams, including the amplitude variation of diffracted waves with various models of presetting cracks inside the layered homogeneous media. For those fatigue cracks and reflective cracks extending to the road surface, the amplitude curves of direct ground wave can intuitively indicate the locations of the top of the cracks and qualitatively compare the width of these cracks. Furthermore, we find that the shape and pattern of diffraction hyperbolas of both types of cracks with bottoms at different locations are quite similar, but their amplitudes are significantly different. To be specific, for those cracks with the same width, the amplitude of diffracted waves generated by fatigue cracks is slightly higher than that generated by reflective cracks at the interface between the asphalt surface and the semi-rigid base layer. In contrast, the amplitude of the former is significantly lower than the latter at the interface between the semi-rigid base and the roadbed. We applied these findings to the interpretation of the field GPR data of a highway pavement in China, and successfully identified the locations of the cracks and corresponding types. Our model results and field results clearly show the efficiency of our findings in the detection of cracks for highway-pavement rehabilitation.

remote sensing

Detection and Characterization of Cracks in Highway Pavement with the Amplitude Variation of GPR Diffracted Waves: Insights from Forward Modeling and Field Data