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The velocity of near-surface materials is one of the most important for Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR). In the study, we evaluate the options for determining the GPR velocity to measure the accuracy of velocity approximations from the acquired GPR data at an experimental site in Hangzhou, China. A vertical profile of interval velocities can be estimated from each common mid-point (CMP) gather using velocity spectrum analysis. Firstly, GPR data are acquired and analyzed using the popular method of hyperbola fitting which generated surprisingly high subsurface signal velocity estimates while, for the same profile, the Amplitude variation with offset (AVO) analysis of the GPR data (using the same hyperbola fitting method) generate a more reasonable subsurface signal velocity estimate. Several necessary processing steps are applied both for CMP and AVO analysis. Furthermore, experimental analysis is conducted on the same test site to get velocities of samples based on dielectric constant measurement during the drilling process. Synthetic velocities generated by AVO analysis are validated by the experimental velocities which confirmed the suitability of velocity interpretations.

Near Surface Velocity Estimation Using GPR Data: Investigations by Numerical Simulation, and Experimental Approach with AVO Response