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After 30 years since the beginning of the Global Positioning System (GPS),or, more generally, Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) meteorology, thistechnique has proven to be a reliable method for retrieving atmospheric watervapor; it is low-cost, weather independent, with high temporal resolution andis highly accurate and precise. GNSS ground-based networks are becoming denser,and the first stations installed have now quite long time-series that allow thestudy of the temporal features of water vapor and its relevant role inside theclimate system. In this review, the different GNSS methodologies to retrieveatmospheric water vapor content re-examined, such as tomography, conversion ofGNSS tropospheric delay to water vapor estimates, analyses of errors, andcombinations of GNSS with other sources to enhance water vapor information.Moreover, the use of these data in different kinds of studies is discussed. Forinstance, the GNSS technique is commonly used as a reference tool forvalidating other water vapor products (e.g., radiosounding, radiometers onboardsatellite platforms or ground-based instruments). Additionally, GNSS retrievalsare largely used in order to determine the high spatio-temporal variability andlong-term trends of atmospheric water vapor or in models with the goal ofdetermining its notable influence on the climate system (e.g., assimilation innumerical prediction, as input to radiative transfer models, study ofcirculation patterns, etc.

Review on the Role of GNSS Meteorology in Monitoring Water Vapor for Atmospheric Physics