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Mass movements represent a serious threat to the stability of human structures and infrastructures, and cause loss of lives and severe damages to human properties every year worldwide. Built structures located on potentially unstable slopes are susceptible to deformations due to the displacement of the ground that at worst can lead to total destruction. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data acquired by Sentinel-1 satellites and processed by multi-temporal interferometric SAR (MT-InSAR) techniques can measure centimeter to millimeter-level displacement with weekly to monthly updates, characterizing long-term large-scale behavior of the buildings and slopes. However, the spatial resolution and short wavelength weaken the performance of Sentinel-1 in recognizing features (i.e., single buildings) inside image pixels and maintaining the coherence in mountainous vegetated areas. We have proposed and applied a methodology that combines Sentinel-1 interferometry with ground-based geomatics techniques, i.e., global navigation satellite system (GNSS), terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and terrestrial structure from motion photogrammetry (SfM), for fully assessing building deformations on a slope located in the north-eastern Italian pre-Alps. GNSS allows verifying the ground deformation estimated by MT-InSAR and provides a reference system for the TLS and SfM measurements, while TLS and SfM allow the behavior of buildings located in the investigated slope to be monitored in great detail. The obtained results show that damaged buildings are located in the most unstable sectors of the slope, but there is no direct relationship between the rate of ground deformation of these sectors and the temporal evolution of damages to a single building, indicating that mass movements cause the displacement of blocks of buildings and each of them reacts differently according to its structural properties. This work shows the capability of MT-InSAR, GNSS, TLS and SfM in monitoring both buildings and geological processes that affect their stability, which plays a key role in geohazard analysis and assessment.

Combining Sentinel-1 Interferometry and Ground-Based Geomatics Techniques for Monitoring Buildings Affected by Mass Movements