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Heat storage, ΔQs, is quantified for 10 major U.S. cities using a method called the thermal variability scheme (TVS), which incorporates urban thermal mass parameters and the variability of land surface temperatures. The remotely sensed land surface temperature (LST) is retrieved from the GOES-16 satellite and is used in conjunction with high spatial resolution land cover and imperviousness classes. New York City is first used as a testing ground to compare the satellite-derived heat storage model to two other methods: a surface energy balance (SEB) residual derived from numerical weather model fluxes, and a residual calculated from ground-based eddy covariance flux tower measurements. The satellite determination of ΔQs was found to fall between the residual method predicted by both the numerical weather model and the surface flux stations. The GOES-16 LST was then downscaled to 1-km using the WRF surface temperature output, which resulted in a higher spatial representation of storage heat in cities. The subsequent model was used to predict the total heat stored across 10 major urban areas across the contiguous United States for August 2019. The analysis presents a positive correlation between population density and heat storage, where higher density cities such as New York and Chicago have a higher capacity to store heat when compared to lower density cities such as Houston or Dallas. Application of the TVS ultimately has the potential to improve closure of the urban surface energy balance.

Spatiotemporal Variability of Heat Storage in Major U.S. Cities—A Satellite-Based Analysis