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Automatic ship detection by Unmanned Airborne Vehicles (UAVs) and satellites is one of the fundamental challenges in maritime research due to the variable appearances of ships and complex sea backgrounds. To address this issue, in this paper, a novel multi-level ship detection algorithm is proposed to detect various types of offshore ships more precisely and quickly under all possible imaging variations. Our object detection system consists of two phases. First, in the category-independent region proposal phase, the steerable pyramid for multi-scale analysis is performed to generate a set of saliency maps in which the candidate region pixels are assigned to high salient values. Then, the set of saliency maps is used for constructing the graph-based segmentation, which can produce more accurate candidate regions compared with the threshold segmentation. More importantly, the proposed algorithm can produce a rather smaller set of candidates in comparison with the classical sliding window object detection paradigm or the other region proposal algorithms. Second, in the target identification phase, a rotation-invariant descriptor, which combines the histogram of oriented gradients (HOG) cells and the Fourier basis together, is investigated to distinguish between ships and non-ships. Meanwhile, the main direction of the ship can also be estimated in this phase. The overall algorithm can account for large variations in scale and rotation. Experiments on optical remote sensing (ORS) images demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of our detection system.

Ship Detection from Optical Remote Sensing Images Using Multi-Scale Analysis and Fourier HOG Descriptor