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Airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) datasets with a large volume pose a great challenge to the traditional interpolation methods for the production of digital terrain models (DTMs). Thus, a fast, global interpolation method based on thin plate spline (TPS) is proposed in this paper. In the methodology, a weighted version of finite difference TPS is first developed to deal with the problem of missing data in the grid-based surface construction. Then, the interpolation matrix of the weighted TPS is deduced and found to be largely sparse. Furthermore, the values and positions of each nonzero element in the matrix are analytically determined. Finally, to make full use of the sparseness of the interpolation matrix, the linear system is solved with an iterative manner. These make the new method not only fast, but also require less random-access memory. Tests on six simulated datasets indicate that compared to recently developed discrete cosine transformation (DCT)-based TPS, the proposed method has a higher speed and accuracy, lower memory requirement, and less sensitivity to the smoothing parameter. Real-world examples on 10 public and 1 private dataset demonstrate that compared to the DCT-based TPS and the locally weighted interpolation methods, such as linear, natural neighbor (NN), inverse distance weighting (IDW), and ordinary kriging (OK), the proposed method produces visually good surfaces, which overcome the problems of peak-cutting, coarseness, and discontinuity of the aforementioned interpolators. More importantly, the proposed method has a similar performance to the simple interpolation methods (e.g., IDW and NN) with respect to computing time and memory cost, and significantly outperforms OK. Overall, the proposed method with low memory requirement and computing cost offers great potential for the derivation of DTMs from large-scale LiDAR datasets.

A Fast Global Interpolation Method for Digital Terrain Model Generation from Large LiDAR-Derived Data