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This study aimed at analyzing the effect of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imaging parameters and environmental conditions on the standard deviation of the co-polarized phase difference (σφC ) evaluated over sea surface. The latter was shown to be an important polarimetric parameter widely used for sea surface target monitoring purposes. A theoretical model, based on the tilted-Bragg scattering, is proposed to predict the behavior of σφC against incidence angle for different roughness conditions. Then, a comprehensive experimental analysis, based on the processing of L-, Cand X-band polarimetric SAR scenes collected over different test areas under low-to-moderate wind conditions and covering a broad range of incidence angle, was carried out to discuss the effects of sensor’s and environmental parameters on sea surface σφC . Results show that SAR imaging parameters severely affect σφC , while the impact of meteo-marine conditions, under low-to-moderate wind regime, is almost negligible. Those outcomes have significant relevance to support the design of effective and robust algorithms for marine and maritime applications based on σφC , including the detection of metallic targets (ships and offshore infrastructures as oil/gas platforms, aquacultures, wind farms, etc.) and polluted areas.

remote sensing

Analysis on the Effects of SAR Imaging Parameters and Environmental Conditions on the Standard Deviation of the Co-Polarized Phase Difference Measured over Sea Surface