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The multiple global navigation satellite systems (multi-GNSS) bring great opportunity for the real-time retrieval of high-quality zenith tropospheric delay (ZTD), which is a critical quality for atmospheric science and geodetic applications. In this contribution, a multi-GNSS precise point positioning (PPP) ambiguity resolution (AR) analysis approach is developed for real-time tropospheric delay retrieval. To validate the proposed multi-GNSS ZTD estimates, we collected and processed data from 30 Multi-GNSS Experiment (MGEX) stations; the resulting real-time tropospheric products are evaluated by using standard post-processed troposphere products and European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts analysis (ECMWF) data. An accuracy of 4.5 mm and 7.1 mm relative to the Center for Orbit Determination in Europe (CODE) and U.S. Naval Observatory (USNO) products is achievable for real-time tropospheric delays from multi-GNSS PPP ambiguity resolution after an initialization process of approximately 5 min. Compared to Global Positioning System (GPS) results, the accuracy of retrieved zenith tropospheric delay from multi-GNSS PPP-AR is improved by 16.7% and 31.7% with respect to USNO and CODE final products. The GNSS-derived ZTD time-series exhibits a great agreement with the ECMWF data for a long period of 30 days. The average root mean square (RMS) of the real-time zenith tropospheric delay retrieved from multi-GNSS PPP-AR is 12.5 mm with respect to ECMWF data while the accuracy of GPS-only results is 13.3 mm. Significant improvement is also achieved in terms of the initialization time of the multi-GNSS tropospheric delays, with an improvement of 50.7% compared to GPS-only fixed solutions. All these improvements demonstrate the promising prospects of the multi-GNSS PPP-AR method for time-critical meteorological applications.

remote sensing

Real-Time Tropospheric Delay Retrieval from Multi-GNSS PPP Ambiguity Resolution: Validation with Final Troposphere Products and a Numerical Weather Model