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In this study, the physicochemical and biological contributions of different macrophytes in horizontal sub-surface flow constructed wetlands (HSSF-CWs) to treat low-strength municipal wastewater operated at high hydraulic loads under a sub-tropical climatic region is investigated. Out of the four identical beds, three were planted with locally available macrophytes (P. australis, Sagittaria, and Iris), whereas one bed was kept as a control. The beds were filled with media and operated in parallel continuously for eight months, with increasing the surface loading rate (SLR) from 0.19 to 2.78 m day−1. The results indicate that the planted beds performed significantly (p   Sagittaria (0.0061 day−1) &gt; Iris (0.0059 day−1). When compared to the performances of the species used, Sagittaria and P. australis produced better results than Iris. The investigations on biomass showed that Sagittaria yielded higher production, followed by P. australis and Iris. The proportions of uptake by the macrophytes were found to be 9.3%, 6.3%, and 3.9% of mass N removal, and 7.6%, 5.1%, and 4.4% of mass p removal in Sagittaria, P. australis, and Iris, respectively. This study contributes to the effective response to the environment, which validates a major role of macrophytes and their disparate response to pollutant removal processes by different species from municipal wastewater through HSSF-CWs.

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Physicochemical and Biological Contribution of Native Macrophytes in the Constructed Wetlands to Treat Municipal Wastewater: A Pilot-Scale Experiment in a Sub-Tropical Climate Region