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Esca is a type of grapevine trunk disease that severely affects vine yield and longevity.  Phaeomoniella chlamydospora  ( P. chlamydospora ) is one of the main fungi associated with esca. The aim of the present study was to obtain eco-friendly materials with potential antifungal activity against  P. chlamydospora  based on biodegradable and biocompatible poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), nanosized TiO 2 -anatase (nanoTiO 2 ), and chitosan oligomers (COS) by conjunction of electrospinning and electrospraying. One-pot electrospinning of a suspension of nanosized TiO 2  nanoparticles in PHB solution resulted in materials in which TiO 2  was incorporated within the fibers (design type “ in ”). Simultaneous electrospinning of PHB solution and electrospraying of the dispersion of nanosized TiO 2  in COS solution enabled the preparation of materials consisting of PHB fibers on which TiO 2  was deposited on the fibers’ surface (design type “ on ”). Several methods including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) and water contact angle were utilized to characterize the obtained materials. The incorporation of nanoTiO 2  in the PHB fibers, as well as nanoTiO 2  deposition onto the surface of the PHB fibers resulted in increased roughness and hydrophobicity of the obtained composite fibrous materials. Moreover, TiO 2 - on -PHB fibrous material exhibited complete inhibition of fungal growth of  P. chlamydospora . Therefore, the obtained eco-friendly fibrous materials based on PHB and nanoTiO 2  are promising candidates for protection against esca in agriculture.

Electrospun Eco-Friendly Materials Based on Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and TiO2 with Antifungal Activity Prospective for Esca Treatment