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Upland cotton is the most economically important fibre crop. The human-mediated selection has resulted in modern upland cultivars with higher yield and better fibre quality. However, changes in genome structure resulted from human-mediated selection are poorly understood. Comparative population genomics offers us tools to dissect the genetic history of domestication and helps to understand the genome-wide effects of human-mediated selection. Hereby, we report a comprehensive assessment of Gossypium hirsutum landraces, obsolete cultivars and modern cultivars based on high throughput genome-wide sequencing of the core set of genotypes. As a result of the genome-wide scan, we identified 93 differential regions and 311 selection sweeps associated with domestication and improvement. Furthermore, we performed genome-wide association studies to identify traits associated with the differential regions and selection sweeps. Our study provides a genetic basis to understand the domestication process in Chinese cotton cultivars. It also provides a comprehensive insight into changes in genome structure due to selection and improvement during the last century. We also identified multiple genome-wide associations (GWAS associations) for fibre yield, quality and other morphological characteristics.

Genomic Insight into Differentiation and Selection Sweeps in the Improvement of Upland Cotton