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Ammonium (NH 4  + ) toxicity is always accompanied by ion imbalances, and NH 4  + and potassium (K + ) exhibit a competitive correlation in their uptake and transport processes. In Arabidopsis thaliana , the typical leaf chlorosis phenotype in the knockout mutant of calcineurin B-like interacting protein kinase 23 ( CIPK23 ) is high-NH 4  + -dependent under low-K + condition. However, the correlation of K + and NH 4  + in the occurrence of leaf chlorosis in the cipk23 mutant has not been deeply elucidated. Here, a modified hydroponic experimental system with different gradients of NH 4  + and K + was applied. Comparative treatments showed that NH 4  + toxicity, which is triggered mainly by the high ratio of NH 4  + to K + (NH 4  + /K + ≥ 10:1 for cipk23 ) but not by the absolute concentrations of the ions, results in leaf chlorosis. Under high NH 4  + /K + ratios, CIPK23 is upregulated abundantly in leaves and roots, which efficiently reduces the leaf chlorosis by regulating the contents of NH 4  + and K + in plant shoots, while promoting the elongation of primary and lateral roots. Physiological data were obtained to further confirm the role CIPK23 in alleviating NH 4  + toxicity. Taken all together, CIPK23 might function in different tissues to reduce stress-induced NH 4  + toxicity associated with high NH 4  + /K + ratios by regulating the NH 4  + -K + balance in Arabidopsis .

NH4+ Toxicity, Which Is Mainly Determined by the High NH4+/K+ Ratio, Is Alleviated by CIPK23 in Arabidopsis