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Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is a widely used trait for hybrid seed production. Although male sterility is caused by S cytoplasm (male-sterility inducing mitochondria), the action of S cytoplasm is suppressed by restorer-of-fertility ( Rf ), a nuclear gene. Hence, the genetics of Rf has attained particular interest among plant breeders. The genetic model posits Rf diversity in which an Rf specifically suppresses the cognate S cytoplasm. Molecular analysis of Rf loci in plants has identified various genes; however, pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) protein (a specific type of RNA-binding protein) is so prominent as the Rf -gene product that Rf s have been categorized into two classes, PPR and non-PPR. In contrast, several shared features between PPR- and some non-PPR Rf s are apparent, suggesting the possibility of another grouping. Our present focus is to group Rf s by molecular genetic classes other than the presence of PPRs. We propose three categories that define partially overlapping groups of Rf s: association with post-transcriptional regulation of mitochondrial gene expression, resistance gene-like copy number variation at the locus, and lack of a direct link to S-orf (a mitochondrial ORF associated with CMS). These groups appear to reflect their own evolutionary background and their mechanism of conferring S cytoplasm specificity.

What Does the Molecular Genetics of Different Types of Restorer-of-Fertility Genes Imply?