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The common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris ) constitutes an excellent source of vegetable dietary protein. However, there are sub-optimal levels of the essential amino acids, methionine and cysteine. On the other hand, P. vulgaris accumulates large amounts of the γ-glutamyl dipeptide of S -methylcysteine, and lower levels of free S -methylcysteine and S -methylhomoglutathione. Past results suggest two distinct metabolite pools. Free S -methylcysteine levels are high at the beginning of seed development and decline at mid-maturation, while there is a biphasic accumulation of γ-glutamyl- S -methylcysteine, at early cotyledon and maturation stages. A possible model involves the formation of S -methylcysteine by cysteine synthase from O -acetylserine and methanethiol, whereas the majority of γ-glutamyl- S -methylcysteine may arise from S -methylhomoglutathione. Metabolite profiling during development and in genotypes differing in total S -methylcysteine accumulation showed that γ-glutamyl- S -methylcysteine accounts for most of the total S -methylcysteine in mature seed. Profiling of transcripts for candidate biosynthetic genes indicated that BSAS4;1 expression is correlated with both the developmental timing and levels of free S -methylcysteine accumulated, while homoglutathione synthetase ( hGS ) expression was correlated with the levels of γ-glutamyl- S -methylcysteine. Analysis of S -methylated phytochelatins by liquid chromatography and high resolution tandem mass spectrometry revealed only small amounts of homophytochelatin-2 with a single S -methylcysteine. The mitochondrial localization of phytochelatin synthase 2-predominant in seed, determined by confocal microscopy of a fusion with the yellow fluorescent protein-and its spatial separation from S -methylhomoglutathione may explain the lack of significant accumulation of S -methylated phytochelatins.

Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Accumulates Most S-Methylcysteine as Its γ-Glutamyl Dipeptide