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While milkweeds ( Asclepias  spp.) are important for sustaining biodiversity in marginal ecosystems, CO 2  flux may afflict  Asclepias  species and cause detriment to native communities. Negative CO 2 -induced effects may be mitigated through mycorrhizal associations. In this study, we sought to determine how mycorrhizae interacts with CO 2  to influence  Asclepias  biomass and root morphology. A broad range of  Asclepias  species (n = 6) were chosen for this study, including four tap-root species ( A. sullivantii, A. syriaca ,  A. tuberosa , and  A. viridis ) and two fibrous root species ( A. incarnata  and  A. verticillata ). Collectively, the six  Asclepias  species were manipulated under a 2 × 2 full-factorial design that featured two mycorrhizal levels (−/+ mycorrhizae) and two CO 2  levels (ambient and enriched (i.e., 3.5× ambient)). After a duration of 10 months,  Asclepias  responses were assessed as whole dry weight (i.e., biomass) and relative transportive root. Relative transportive root is the percent difference in the diameter of highest order root (transportive root) versus that of first-order absorptive roots. Results revealed an asymmetrical response, as mycorrhizae increased  Asclepias  biomass by ~12-fold, while enriched CO 2  decreased biomass by about 25%. CO 2  did not impact relative transportive roots, but mycorrhizae increased root organ’s response by more than 20%. Interactions with CO 2  and mycorrhizae were observed for both biomass and root morphology (i.e., relative transportive root). A gene associated with CO 2  fixation ( rbcL ) revealed that the two fibrous root species formed a phylogenetic clade that was distant from the four tap-root species. The effect of mycorrhizae was most profound in tap-root systems, as mycorrhizae modified the highest order root into tuber-like structures. A strong positive correlation was observed with biomass and relative transportive root. This study elucidates the interplay with roots, mycorrhizae, and CO 2 , while providing a potential pathway for mycorrhizae to ameliorate CO 2  induced effects.

Enriched CO2 and Root-Associated Fungi (Mycorrhizae) Yield Inverse Effects on Plant Mass and Root Morphology in Six Asclepias Species