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How to use environmentally friendly technology to enhance rice field and grain quality is a challenge for the scientific community. Here, we showed that the application of molecular hydrogen in the form of hydrogen nanobubble water could increase the length, width, and thickness of brown/rough rice and white rice, as well as 1000-grain weight, compared to the irrigation with ditch water. The above results were well matched with the transcriptional profiles of representative genes related to high yield, including up-regulation of  heterotrimeric G protein β-subunit gene  ( RGB1 ) for cellular proliferation,  Grain size 5  ( GS5 ) for grain width,  Small grain 1  ( SMG1 ) for grain length and width,  Grain weight 8  ( GW8 ) for grain width and weight, and down-regulation of negatively correlated gene  Grain size 3  ( GS3 ) for grain length. Meanwhile, although total starch content in white rice is not altered by HNW, the content of amylose was decreased by 31.6%, which was parallel to the changes in the transcripts of the amylose metabolism genes. In particular, cadmium accumulation in white rice was significantly reduced, reaching 52% of the control group. This phenomenon was correlated well with the differential expression of transporter genes responsible for Cd entering plants, including down-regulated  Natural resistance-associated macrophage protein  ( Nramp5 ),  Heavy metal transporting ATPase  ( HMA2  and  HMA3 ), and  Iron-regulated transporters  ( IRT1 ), and for decreasing Cd accumulation in grain, including down-regulated  Low cadmium  ( LCD ). This study clearly showed that the application of molecular hydrogen might be used as an effective approach to increase field and grain quality of rice.

Molecular Hydrogen Increases Quantitative and Qualitative Traits of Rice Grain in Field Trials