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Leaf rust, caused by  Puccinia triticina  ( Ptr ), is a significant disease of spring wheat spread in Kazakhstan. The development of resistant cultivars importantly requires the effective use of leaf rust resistance genes. This study aims to: (i) determine variation in  Ptr  population using races from the East Kazakhstan, Akmola, and Almaty regions of Kazakhstan; (ii) examine resistance during seedling and adult plant stages; and (iii) identify the sources of  Lr  resistance genes among the spring wheat collection using molecular markers. Analysis of a mixed population of  Ptr  identified 25 distinct pathotypes. Analysis of these pathotypes using 16 Thatcher lines that are near-isogenic for leaf rust resistance genes ( Lr ) showed different virulence patterns, ranging from least virulent “CJF/B” and “JCL/G” to highly virulent “TKT/Q”. Most of the pathotypes were avirulent to  Lr9 ,  Lr19 ,  Lr24 , and  Lr25  and virulent to  Lr1 ,  Lr2a ,  Lr3ka ,  Lr11 , and  Lr30.  The  Ptr  population in Kazakhstan is diverse, as indicated by the range of virulence observed in five different races analyzed in this study. The number of genotypes showed high levels of seedling resistance to each of the five  Ptr  races, thus confirming genotypic diversity. Two genotypes, Stepnaya 62 and Omskaya 37, were highly resistant to almost all five tested  Ptr  pathotypes. Stepnaya 62, Omskaya 37, Avangard, Kazakhstanskaya rannespelaya, and Kazakhstanskaya 25 were identified as the most stable genotypes for seedling resistance. However, most of the varieties from Kazakhstan were susceptible in the seedling stage. Molecular screening of these genotypes showed contrasting differences in the genes frequencies. Among the 30 entries, 22 carried leaf rust resistance gene  Lr1 , and two had  Lr9  and  Lr68. Lr10  and  Lr28  were found in three and four cultivars, respectively.  Lr19  was detected in Omskaya 37. Two single cultivars separately carried  Lr26  and  Lr34 , while  Lr37  was not detected in any genotypes within this study. Field evaluation demonstrated that the most frequent  Lr1  gene is ineffective. Kazakhstanskaya 19 and Omskaya 37 had the highest number of resistance genes: three and four  Lr  genes, respectively. Two gene combinations ( Lr1 ,  Lr68 ) were detected in Erythrospermum 35 and Astana. The result obtained may assist breeders in incorporating effective  Lr  genes into new cultivars and developing cultivars resistant to leaf rust.

plants

Evaluation of Wheat Germplasm for Resistance to Leaf Rust (Puccinia triticina) and Identification of the Sources of Lr Resistance Genes Using Molecular Markers