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Millimeter-wave (mmWave) communications and visible light communications (VLC) are proposed to form hybrid mmWave/VLC systems. Furthermore, channel modeling is the foundation of system design and optimization. In this paper, we compare the propagation characteristics, including path loss, root mean square (RMS) delay spread (DS), K-factor, and cluster characteristics, between mmWave and VLC bands based on a measurement campaign and ray tracing simulation in a conference room. We find that the optical path loss (OPL) of VLC channels is highly dependent on the physical size of the photodetectors (PDs). Therefore, an OPL model is further proposed as a function of the distance and size of PDs. We also find that VLC channels suffer faster decay than mmWave channels. Moreover, the smaller RMS DS in VLC bands shows a weaker delay dispersion than mmWave channels. The results of K-factor indicate that line-of-sight (LOS) components mainly account for more power for mmWave in LOS scenarios. However, non-LOS (NLOS) components can be stronger for VLC at a large distance. Furthermore, the K-Power-Means algorithm is used to perform clustering. The fitting cluster number is 5 and 6 for mmWave and VLC channels, respectively. The clustering results reveal the temporal sparsity in mmWave bands and show that VLC channels have a large angular spread.

Propagation Characteristics Comparisons between mmWave and Visible Light Bands in the Conference Scenario