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Combination therapy with immune checkpoint blockade and ionizing irradiation therapy (IR) generates a synergistic effect to inhibit tumor growth better than either therapy does alone. We modeled the tumor-immune interactions occurring during combined IT and IR based on the published data from Deng et al. The mathematical model considered programmed cell death protein 1 and programmed death ligand 1, to quantify data fitting and global sensitivity of critical parameters. Fitting of data from control, IR and IT samples was conducted to verify the synergistic effect of a combination therapy consisting of IR and IT. Our approach using the model showed that an increase in the expression level of PD-1 and PD-L1 was proportional to tumor growth before therapy, but not after initiating therapy. The high expression level of PD-L1 in T cells may inhibit IT efficacy. After combination therapy begins, the tumor size was also influenced by the ratio of PD-1 to PD-L1. These results highlight that the ratio of PD-1 to PD-L1 in T cells could be considered in combination therapy.

A Tumor-Immune Interaction Model for Synergistic Combinations of Anti PD-L1 and Ionizing Irradiation Treatment