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Control of  Theileria equi , the primary cause of equine theileriosis, is largely reliant on acaracide use and chemosterilization with imidocarb dipropionate (ID). However, it is currently unknown if ID is effective against  Theileria haneyi , the recently identified second causative agent of equine theileriosis, or if the drug maintains effectiveness against  T. equi  in the presence of  T. haneyi  co-infection. The purpose of this study was to address these questions using ID treatment of the following three groups of horses: (1) five  T. haneyi  infected horses; (2) three  T. haneyi - T. equi  infected horses; and (3) three  T. equi - T. haneyi  infected horses. Clearance was first evaluated using nPCR for each  Theileria  sp. on peripheral blood samples. ID failed to clear  T. haneyi  in all three groups of horses, and failed to clear  T. equi  in two of three horses in group two. For definitive confirmation of infection status, horses in groups two and three underwent splenectomy post-treatment. The  T. equi -nPCR-positive horses in group two developed severe clinical signs and were euthanized. Remaining horses exhibited moderate signs consistent with  T. haneyi . Our results demonstrate that ID therapy lacks efficacy against  T. haneyi , and  T. haneyi - T. equi  co-infection may interfere with ID clearance of  T. equi .

Imidocarb Dipropionate Lacks Efficacy against Theileria haneyi and Fails to Consistently Clear Theileria equi in Horses Co-Infected with T. haneyi