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The dynamic of arbovirus vectors such as  Aedes aegypti  and  Ae. albopictus  remains poorly understood in large cities in central Africa. Here, we compared the larval ecology, geographical distribution and degree of infestation of  Ae. aegypti  and  Ae. albopictus  in Yaoundé, the capital city of Cameroon, and estimated their  Stegomyia  indices revealing a significant potential risk of arbovirus transmission. An entomological survey was conducted in April–May 2018 in a cluster of houses randomly selected. Each selected house was inspected, the number of inhabitants was recorded, and potential and positive containers for  Aedes  were characterized.  Stegomyia  and pupae-based indices were estimated. Overall, 447 houses and 954 containers were inspected comprising 10,801 immature stages of  Aedes  with 84.95% of  Ae. albopictus  and 15.05% of  Ae. aegypti . Both species bred mainly in discarded tanks and used tyres, associated with turbid water and the presence of plant debris inside containers.  Aedes albopictus  was the most prevalent species in almost all neighbourhoods. The house index, Breteau index, and container index were higher for  Ae. albopictus  (38.26%, 71.81%, and 29.61%) compared to those of  Ae. aegypti  (25.73%, 40.93%, and 16.88%). These indices are high compared to the thresholds established by Pan American Health Organization and World Health Organization, which suggests a high potential risk of arbovirus transmission.

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Patterns of Ecological Adaptation of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus and Stegomyia Indices Highlight the Potential Risk of Arbovirus Transmission in Yaoundé, the Capital City of Cameroon