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Trypanosomatids are diverse and can infect several host species, including small mammals (rodents and marsupials). Between 2012 and 2014, 91 small mammals were surveyed for trypanosomatid infection in the Estação Biológica FIOCRUZ Mata Atlântica (EFMA), an Atlantic Forest area in Rio de Janeiro that presents different levels of conserved and degraded areas. Blood, skin, liver, and spleen samples were submitted to parasitological, serological, and molecular assays to detect the infection and determine the taxonomic status of their parasites. Sixty-eight individuals (74.7%;  n  = 91) were infected by trypanosomatids, including fourteen mixed infected by different trypanosomatid parasites. These hosts were infected by:  T. cruzi  DTU TcI ( n  = 12),  T. cruzi  DTU TcIV ( n  = 2),  T. janseni  ( n  = 15),  T. dionisii  ( n  = 1), and  T. rangeli  A ( n  = 1) detected in blood or tissue cultures, in addition to  T. cruzi  DTU TcI ( n  = 9) and  Leishmania  sp. ( n  = 1) only by the molecular diagnosis. Serological diagnosis was positive in 38 (71.6%) individuals for  T. cruzi , the same amount for  Leishmania  spp., and 23 (43.3%) individuals were mixed infected. These data indicate a remarkable richness of trypanosomatid species/genotypes infecting small mammals, even in a disturbed area with low mammal species diversity—as is the case of the EFMA—reinforcing the generalist aspect of these parasites.

Trypanosomatid Richness in Wild and Synanthropic Small Mammals from a Biological Station in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil