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Background: Polyphenol consumption is implicated in gut microbiome composition and improved metabolic outcomes, but it is unclear whether the effect is independent of dietary fiber. Methods: We investigated the links between (poly)phenol intake, gut microbiome composition (16s RNA) and obesity independently of fiber intake in UK women ( n  = 1810) and in a small group of UK men ( n  = 64). Results: (Poly)phenol intakes correlated with microbiome alpha diversity (Shannon Index) after adjusting for confounders and fiber intake. Moreover, flavonoid intake was significantly correlated with the abundance of  Veillonella , (a genus known to improve physical performance), and stilbene intake with that of butyrate-producing bacteria ( Lachnospira  and  Faecalibacterium) . Stilbene and flavonoid intake also correlated with lower odds of prevalent obesity ( Stilbenes:  Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) (OR(95%CI)) = 0.80 (0.73, 0.87),  p  = 4.90 × 10 −7 ;  Flavonoids : OR(95%CI) = 0.77 (0.65, 0.91),  p  = 0.002). Formal mediation analyses revealed that gut microbiome mediates ~11% of the total effect of flavonoid and stilbene intake on prevalent obesity. Conclusions: Our findings highlight the importance of (poly)phenol consumption for optimal human health.

Consumption of Stilbenes and Flavonoids is Linked to Reduced Risk of Obesity Independently of Fiber Intake