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People living in non-Mediterranean West Balkan countries have diets with a low n -3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content. Walnuts, a traditional Serbian food, could be an excellent source of n -3 PUFA. The first sub-study evaluated the fatty acid and mineral content of Serbian walnuts, demonstrating that walnuts had the high content of linolenic acid (C18:3, n -3 ALA). The second sub-study assessed the consumption of walnuts ( Juglans regia L.) and total n -3-fatty acid intake in apparently healthy Serbian residents, using 24-h dietary recalls ( n = 352). An inadequate intake of n -3 fatty acids and a low consumption of walnuts was seen. Additionally, we evaluated the fatty acid profile of healthy Serbian adults ( n = 110) and finally, via a randomized intervention 4-weeks study, we assessed the effects of walnut consumption on n -3 fatty acid profile of participants ( n = 18). The plasma content of n -3 PUFA was low and the n -6/ n -3 ratio was high in our study participants. The n -3 plasma fatty acid profile was improved after 4 weeks of walnut consumption, meaning that ALA, eicosapentaenoic acid, and total n -3 were significantly increased. The results of our study pointed out the potential health benefits of walnuts consumption on amelioration of the n -3 fatty acid profile that should be taken into account in preventive management programs. The higher conversion of ALA to EPA (&gt;10%) in examined study participants, suggests the importance of a moderate walnut consumption.

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The Effect of Walnut Consumption on n-3 Fatty Acid Profile of Healthy People Living in a Non-Mediterranean West Balkan Country, a Small Scale Randomized Study