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Data regarding the prevalence and predictors of vitamin D deficiency during early pregnancy are limited. This study aims to fill this gap. A total of 578 Saudi women in their 1 st trimester of pregnancy were recruited between January 2014 and December 2015 from three tertiary care antenatal clinics in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Information collected includes socio-economic, anthropometric, and biochemical data, including serum vitamin D (25(OH)D) levels, intake of calcium and vitamin D, physical activity, and sun exposure indices. Pregnant women with 25(OH)D levels &lt;50 nmol/L were considered vitamin D deficient. The majority of participants ( n = 468 (81%)) were vitamin D deficient. High levels of indoor activity, whole body clothing, multiparity, total cholesterol/HDL ratio(&gt;3.5), low HDL-cholesterol, and living in West Riyadh were significant independent predictors for vitamin D deficiency, with odds ratios (ORs) (95% confidence interval) of 25.4 (5.5&amp;ndash;117.3), 17.8 (2.3&amp;ndash;138.5), 4.0 (1.7&amp;ndash;9.5), 3.3 (1.4&amp;ndash;7.9), 2.8 (1.2&amp;ndash;6.4), and 2.0 (1.1&amp;ndash;3.5), respectively. Factors like increased physical activity, sun exposure at noon, sunrise or sunset, high educational status, and residence in North Riyadh were protective against vitamin D deficiency with ORs 0.2 (0.1&amp;ndash;0.5); 0.2 (0.1&amp;ndash;0.6); 0.3 (0.1&amp;ndash;0.9); and 0.4 (0.2&amp;ndash;0.8), respectively. All ORs were adjusted for age, BMI, sun exposure, parity, summer season, vitamin D intake, multivitamin intake, physical activity, education, employment, living in the north, and coverage with clothing. In conclusion, the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among Saudi women during early pregnancy was high (81%). Timely detection and appropriate supplementation with adequate amounts of vitamin D should reduce the risks of vitamin D deficiency and its complications during pregnancy.

Vitamin D Deficiency Prevalence and Predictors in Early Pregnancy among Arab Women