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As one of the most widely used nanomaterials, the safety of nano-TiO₂ for human beings has raised concern in recent years. Sialylation is an important glycosylation modification that plays a critical role in signal transduction, apoptosis, and tumor metastasis. The aim of this work was to investigate the cytotoxicity and phototoxicity of nano-TiO₂ with different crystalline phases for human skin keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and detect sialic acid alterations. The results showed that the mixture of crystalline P25 had the highest cytotoxicity and phototoxicity, followed by pure anatase A25, whereas pure rutile R25 had the lowest cytotoxicity and phototoxicity. A25 and R25 had no effects on the expression of sialic acids on HaCaT cells. However, HaCaT cells treated with P25 and UV showed an increased level of alterations in &amp;alpha;2,6-linked sialic acids, which was related to the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by nano-TiO₂ and UV. The abundance of &amp;alpha;2,6-linked sialic acids increased as ROS production increased, and vice versa. Antioxidant vitamin C (VC) reversed the abnormal expression of &amp;alpha;2,6-linked sialic acids caused by nano-TiO₂ and protected cells by eliminating ROS. These findings indicate that nano-TiO₂ can alter the sialylation status of HaCaT cells under UV irradiation in a process mediated by ROS.

Increased Level of α2,6-Sialylated Glycans on HaCaT Cells Induced by Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles under UV Radiation