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Single-layer ceramic fuel cells consisting of Li 0.15 Ni 0.45 Zn 0.4 O 2 , Gd 0.2 Ce 0.8 O 2 and a eutectic mixture of Li 2 CO 3 , Na 2 CO 3 and K 2 CO 3 , were fabricated through extrusion-based 3D printing. The sintering temperature of the printed cells was varied from 700 °C to 1000 °C to identify the optimal thermal treatment to maximize the cell performance. It was found that the 3D printed single-layer cell sintered at 900 °C produced the highest power density (230 mW/cm 2 ) at 550 °C, which is quite close to the performance (240 mW/cm 2 ) of the single-layer cell fabricated through a conventional pressing method. The best printed cell still had high ohmic (0.46 Ω·cm 2 ) and polarization losses (0.32 Ω·cm 2 ) based on EIS measurements conducted in an open-circuit condition. The XRD spectra showed the characteristic peaks of the crystalline structures in the composite material. HR-TEM, SEM and EDS measurements revealed the morphological information of the composite materials and the distribution of the elements, respectively. The BET surface area of the single-layer cells was found to decrease from 2.93 m 2 /g to 0.18 m 2 /g as the sintering temperature increased from 700 °C to 1000 °C. The printed cell sintered at 900 °C had a BET surface area of 0.34 m 2 /g. The fabrication of single-layer ceramic cells through up-scalable 3D technology could facilitate the scaling up and commercialization of this promising fuel cell technology.

nanomaterials

Systematic Analysis on the Effect of Sintering Temperature for Optimized Performance of Li0.15Ni0.45Zn0.4O2-Gd0.2Ce0.8O2-Li2CO3-Na2CO3-K2CO3 Based 3D Printed Single-Layer Ceramic Fuel Cell