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Pathogenic intracellular mycobacteria are challenging to treat because of the waxy and complex cell wall characterizing the genus. Niosomes are vesicles with biomimetic cell membrane composition, which allow them to efficiently bind to the eukaryotic cells and deliver their cargo into the cytoplasm. The objective of this study was to develop a new platform based on niosomes loaded with antimicrobial agents to target intracellular mycobacteria. Nanoniosomes were fabricated and loaded with antibiotics and lignin-silver nanoparticles. The efficacy of these nanoniosomes was tested against the intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium abscessus used as a model of infection of human-derived macrophages (THP-1). The cytotoxicity and the immunological response of the agents were tested on THP-1 cells using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and the secretion of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, respectively.

Targeting Intracellular Mycobacteria Using Nanosized Niosomes Loaded with Antibacterial Agents