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A flame spray pyrolysis (FSP) method has been developed, for controlled doping of BiVO 4 nanoparticles with W and Zr in tandem with the oxygen vacancies (Vo) of the BiVO 4 lattice. Based on XPS and Raman data, we show that the nanolattice of W-BiVO 4 and Zr-BiO 4 can be controlled to achieve optimal O 2 evolution from H 2 O photocatalysis. A synergistic effect is found between the W- and Zr-doping level in correlation with the Vo-concentration. FSP- made W-BiVO 4 show optimal photocatalytic O 2 -production from H 2 O, up to 1020 μmol/(g × h) for 5%W-BiVO 4 , while the best performing Zr-doped achieved 970 μmol/(g × h) for 5%Zr-BiVO 4 . Higher W-or Zr-doping resulted in deterioration in photocatalytic O 2 -production from H 2 O. Thus, engineering of FSP-made BiVO 4 nanoparticles by precise control of the lattice and doping-level, allows significant enhancement of the photocatalytic O 2 -evolution efficiency. Technology-wise, the present work demonstrates that flame spray pyrolysis as an inherently scalable technology, allows precise control of the BiVO 4 nanolattice, to achieve significant improvement of its photocatalytic efficiency.

Lattice Defects Engineering in W-, Zr-doped BiVO4 by Flame Spray Pyrolysis: Enhancing Photocatalytic O2 Evolution