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Solution-processable electrochromic (EC) materials have been investigated widely for various applications, such as smart windows, reflective displays, and sensors. Among them, tungsten trioxide (WO 3 ) is an attractive material because it can form a film via a solution process and relative low temperature treatment, which is suitable for a range of substrates. This paper introduces the slot-die and electrostatic force-assisted dispensing (EFAD) printing for solution-processable methods of WO 3 film fabrication. The resulting films were compared with WO 3 films prepared by spin coating. Both films exhibited a similar morphology and crystalline structure. Furthermore, three different processed WO 3 film-based electrochromic devices (ECDs) were prepared and exhibited similar device behaviors. In addition, large area (100 cm 2 ) and patterned ECDs were fabricated using slot-die and EFAD printing. Consequently, slot-die and EFAD printing can be used to commercialize WO 3 based-ECDs applications, such as smart windows and reflective displays.

Various Coating Methodologies of WO3 According to the Purpose for Electrochromic Devices