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The huge volume expansion in Sn-based alloy anode materials (up to 360%) leads to a dramatic mechanical stress and breaking of particles, resulting in the loss of conductivity and thereby capacity fading. To overcome this issue, SnO 2 @C nano-rattle composites based on &lt;10 nm SnO 2 nanoparticles in and on porous amorphous carbon spheres were synthesized using a silica template and tin melting diffusion method. Such SnO 2 @C nano-rattle composite electrodes provided two electrochemical processes: a partially reversible process of the SnO 2 reduction to metallic Sn at 0.8 V vs. Li + /Li and a reversible process of alloying/dealloying of Li x Sn y at 0.5 V vs. Li + /Li. Good performance could be achieved by controlling the particle sizes of SnO 2 and carbon, the pore size of carbon, and the distribution of SnO 2 nanoparticles on the carbon shells. Finally, the areal capacity of SnO 2 @C prepared by the melt diffusion process was increased due to the higher loading of SnO 2 nanoparticles into the hollow carbon spheres, as compared with Sn impregnation by a reducing agent.

A Nano-Rattle SnO2@carbon Composite Anode Material for High-Energy Li-ion Batteries by Melt Diffusion Impregnation