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Most in vivo 31P MR studies are realized on 3T MR systems that provide sufficient signal intensity for prominent phosphorus metabolites. The identification of these metabolites in the in vivo spectra is performed by comparing their chemical shifts with the chemical shifts measured in vitro on high-field NMR spectrometers. To approach in vivo conditions at 3T, a set of phantoms with defined metabolite solutions were measured in a 3T whole-body MR system at 7.0 and 7.5 pH, at 37 °C. A free induction decay (FID) sequence with and without 1H decoupling was used. Chemical shifts were obtained of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), phosphatidylcholine (PtdC), phosphocholine (PC), phosphoethanolamine (PE), glycerophosphocholine (GPC), glycerophosphoetanolamine (GPE), uridine diphosphoglucose (UDPG), glucose-6-phosphate (G6P), glucose-1-phosphate (G1P), 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH and NAD+), phosphocreatine (PCr), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and inorganic phosphate (Pi). The measured chemical shifts were used to construct a basis set of 31P MR spectra for the evaluation of 31P in vivo spectra of muscle and the liver using LCModel software (linear combination model). Prior knowledge was successfully employed in the analysis of previously acquired in vivo data.

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In Vitro 31P MR Chemical Shifts of In Vivo-Detectable Metabolites at 3T as a Basis Set for a Pilot Evaluation of Skeletal Muscle and Liver 31P Spectra with LCModel Software