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Racemic ketoprofen (KP) and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) powder samples from co-precipitation ( 1 ), evaporation ( 2 ), and heating-under-reflux ( 3 ) were analysed using X-ray techniques and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. On the basis of NMR studies carried out in an aqueous solution, it was found that in the samples obtained by methods 1 and 2, there were large excesses of β-CD in relation to KP, 10 and 75 times, respectively, while the sample obtained by method 3 contained equimolar amounts of β-CD and KP. NMR results indicated that KP/β-CD inclusion complexes were formed and the estimated binding constants were approximately 2400 M -1 , showing that KP is quite strongly associated with β-CD. On the other hand, the X-ray single-crystal technique in the solid state revealed that the ( S )-KP/β-CD inclusion complex with a stoichiometry of 2:2 was obtained as a result of heating-under-reflux, for which the crystal and molecular structure were examined. Among the methods used for the preparation of the KP/β-CD complex, only method 3 is suitable.

Comprehensive Characterisation of the Ketoprofen-β-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex Using X-ray Techniques and NMR Spectroscopy