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Lycii Fructus is a traditional medicine used to prevent liver and kidney diseases, which commonly derives from  Lycium chinense  and  Lycium barbarum . Here, the extracts and ethyl acetate-soluble fractions of  L. chinense  fruits exhibited better hepatoprotective effects than those of  L. barbarum , which was likely due to differences in their composition. Therefore, GC-MS and HPLC analyses were conducted to characterize the metabolite differences between  L. chinense  and  L. barbarum . Based on amino acid (AA) and phenolic acid (PA) profiling, 24 AAs and 9 PAs were identified in the two species. Moreover, each species exhibited unique and readily distinguishable AA and PA star graphic patterns. HPLC analysis elucidated composition differences between the ethyl acetate-soluble layers of the two compounds. Further, NMR analysis identified their chemical structures as 4-(2-formyl-5-(hydroxymethyl)-1 H -pyrrol-1-yl)butanoic acid and  p -coumaric acid. The higher content of 4-(2-formyl-5-(hydroxymethyl)-1 H -pyrrol-1-yl)butanoic acid was detected in  L. chinense , whereas the content of  p -coumaric acid was higher in  L. barbarum . Therefore, the differences in the relative contents of these two secondary metabolites in the ethyl acetate-soluble layer of Lycii Fructus could be a good marker to discriminate between  L. chinense  and  L. barbarum .

Discrimination of Lycium chinense and L. barbarum Based on Metabolite Analysis and Hepatoprotective Activity