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Titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) is an excellent photocatalytic material that imparts biocidal, self-cleaning and smog-abating functionalities when added to cement-based materials. The presence of TiO 2 influences the hydration process of cement and the development of its internal structure. In this article, the hydration process and development of a pore network of cement pastes containing different ratios of TiO 2 were studied using two noninvasive techniques (ultrasonic and NMR). Ultrasonic results show that the addition of TiO 2 enhances the mechanical properties of cement paste during early-age hydration, while an opposite behavior is observed at later hydration stages. Calorimetry and NMR spin-lattice relaxation time T 1 results indicated an enhancement of the early hydration reaction. Two pore size distributions were identified to evolve separately from each other during hydration: small gel pores exhibiting short T 1 values and large capillary pores with long T 1 values. During early hydration times, TiO 2 is shown to accelerate the formation of cement gel and reduce capillary porosity. At late hydration times, TiO 2 appears to hamper hydration, presumably by hindering the transfer of water molecules to access unhydrated cement grains. The percolation thresholds were calculated from both NMR and ultrasonic data with a good agreement between both results.

The Role of Titanium Dioxide on the Hydration of Portland Cement: A Combined NMR and Ultrasonic Study