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In this study, N -methylated analogs of hot-spots of insulin were designed and synthesized, in the expectation that they would inhibit the aggregation of both insulin hot-spots and the entire hormone. Synthesis of insulin "amyloidogenic" analogs containing N -methylated amino acid residues was performed by microwave-assisted solid phase according to the Fmoc/tert-Bu strategy. As a coupling reagent 4-(4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-4-methylmorpholinium toluene-4-sulfonate (DMT/NMM/TosO - ) was used. Three independent methods were applied in aggregation studies of the complexes of insulin with its N -methylated peptides. Additionally, circular dichroism (CD) measurements were used to confirm that aggregation processes did not occur in the presence of the N -methylated analogs of hot-spot insulin fragments, and that insulin retains its native conformation. Of the seven N -methylated analogs of the A- and B-chain hot-spots of insulin, six inhibited insulin aggregation (peptides 1 and 3 - 7 ). All tested peptides were found to have a lower ability to inhibit the aggregation of insulin hot-spots compared to the capability to inhibit native hormone aggregation.

Insulin Hot-Spot Analogs Formed with N-Methylated Amino Acid Residues Inhibit Aggregation of Native Hormone