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The photocatalytic activities of reduced titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) materials have been investigated by measuring their ability to produce hydroxyl radicals under UV and visible light irradiation. Degussa P25 TiO 2  was doped with nitrogen (N), fluorine (F), and/or phosphorus (P) and then subjected to surface modification employing a thermo-physicochemical process in the presence of reducing agent sodium borohydride (NaBH 4 ). The reduced TiO 2  materials were characterized by a number of X-ray, spectroscopic and imaging methods. Surface doping of TiO 2  was employed to modulate the band gap energies into the visible wavelength region for better overlap with the solar spectrum. Hydroxyl radical generation, central to TiO 2  photocatalytic water purification applications, was quantitated using coumarin as a trap under UV and visible light irradiation of the reduced TiO 2  materials. At 350 nm irradiation, the yield of hydroxyl radicals generated by the reduced forms of TiO 2  was nearly 90% of hydroxyl radicals generated by the Degussa P25 TiO 2 . Hydroxyl radical generation by these reduced forms of TiO 2  was also observed under visible light irradiation (419 and 450 nm). These results demonstrated that simple surface modification of doped TiO 2  can lead to visible light activity, which is important for more economical solar-driven applications of TiO 2  photocatalysis.

UV and Visible Light-Driven Production of Hydroxyl Radicals by Reduced Forms of N, F, and P Codoped Titanium Dioxide