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1,4-Naphthoquinones have antibacterial activity and are a promising new class of compound that can be used to treat bacterial infections. The goal was to improve effective antibacterial agents; therefore, we synthesized a new class of naphthoquinone hybrids, which contain phenylamino-phenylthio moieties as significant counterparts. Compound 4 was modified as a substituted aryl amide moiety, which enhanced the antibacterial activity of earlier compounds 3 and 4 . In this study, five bacterial strains Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus ), Listeria monocytogenes ( L. monocytogenes ), Escherichia coli ( E. coli ), Pseudomonas aeruginosa ( P. aeruginosa ) and Klebsiella pneumoniae ( K. pneumoniae ) were used to evaluate the antibacterial potency of synthesized naphthoquinones using the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) method. Most of the studied naphthoquinones demonstrated major antibacterial activity with a MIC of 15.6 µg/mL-500 µg/mL. Selected compounds ( 5a , 5f and 5x ) were studied for the mode of action, using intracellular ROS generation, determination of apoptosis by the Annexin V-FITC/PI assay, a bactericidal kinetic study and in silico molecular modelling. Additionally, the redox potentials of the specified compounds were confirmed by cyclic voltammetry (CV).

1,4-Naphthoquinone Analogues: Potent Antibacterial Agents and Mode of Action Evaluation