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Antagonists of the Escherichia coli type-1 fimbrial adhesin FimH are recognized as attractive alternatives for antibiotic therapies and prophylaxes against acute and recurrent bacterial infections. In this study α-d-mannopyranosides O - or C -linked with an alkyl, alkene, alkyne, thioalkyl, amide, or sulfonamide were investigated to fit a hydrophobic substituent with up to two aryl groups within the tyrosine gate emerging from the mannose-binding pocket of FimH. The results were summarized into a set of structure-activity relationships to be used in FimH-targeted inhibitor design: alkene linkers gave an improved affinity and inhibitory potential, because of their relative flexibility combined with a favourable interaction with isoleucine-52 located in the middle of the tyrosine gate. Of particular interest is a C -linked mannoside, alkene-linked to an ortho- substituted biphenyl that has an affinity similar to its O -mannosidic analog but superior to its para- substituted analog. Docking of its high-resolution NMR solution structure to the FimH adhesin indicated that its ultimate, ortho -placed phenyl ring is able to interact with isoleucine-13, located in the clamp loop that undergoes conformational changes under shear force exerted on the bacteria. Molecular dynamics simulations confirmed that a subpopulation of the C -mannoside conformers is able to interact in this secondary binding site of FimH.

Sites for Dynamic Protein-Carbohydrate Interactions of O- and C-Linked Mannosides on the E. coli FimH Adhesin