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Verproside, an active iridoid glycoside component of Veronica species, such as Pseudolysimachion rotundum var. subintegrum and Veronica anagallis-aquatica , possesses anti-asthma, anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, antioxidant, and cytostatic activities. Verproside is metabolized into nine metabolites in human hepatocytes: verproside glucuronides ( M1 , M2 ) via glucuronidation, verproside sulfate ( M3 ) via sulfation, picroside II ( M4 ) and isovanilloylcatalpol ( M5 ) via O -methylation, M4 glucuronide ( M6 ) and M4 sulfate ( M8 ) via further glucuronidation and sulfation of M4 , and M5 glucuronide ( M7 ) and M5 sulfate ( M9 ) via further glucuronidation and sulfation of M5 . Drug-metabolizing enzymes responsible for verproside metabolism, including sulfotransferase (SULT) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT), were characterized. The formation of verproside glucuronides ( M1 , M2 ), isovanilloylcatalpol glucuronide ( M7 ), and picroside II glucuronide ( M6 ) was catalyzed by commonly expressed UGT1A1 and UGT1A9 and gastrointestinal-specific UGT1A7, UGT1A8, and UGT1A10, consistent with the higher intrinsic clearance values for the formation of M1 , M2 , M6 , and M7 in human intestinal microsomes compared with those in liver microsomes. The formation of verproside sulfate ( M3 ) and M5 sulfate ( M9 ) from verproside and isovanilloylcatalpol ( M5 ), respectively, was catalyzed by SULT1A1. Metabolism of picroside II ( M4 ) into M4 sulfate ( M8 ) was catalyzed by SULT1A1, SULT1E1, SULT1A2, SULT1A3, and SULT1C4. Based on these results, the pharmacokinetics of verproside may be affected by the co-administration of relevant UGT and SULT inhibitors or inducers.

Multiple UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase and Sulfotransferase Enzymes are Responsible for the Metabolism of Verproside in Human Liver Preparations