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The ability of fungi isolated from nails of patients suffering from onychomycosis to induce  de novo  production of bioactive compounds in co-culture was examined. Comparison between the metabolite profiles produced by  Sarocladium strictum , by  Fusarium oxysporum , and by these two species in co-culture revealed  de novo  induction of fusaric acid based on HRMS. Structure confirmation of this toxin, using sensitive microflow NMR, required only three 9-cm Petri dishes of fungal culture. A targeted metabolomics study based on UHPLC-HRMS confirmed that the production of fusaric acid was strain-dependent. Furthermore, the detected toxin levels suggested that onychomycosis-associated fungal strains of the  F. oxysporum  and  F. fujikuroi  species complexes are much more frequently producing fusaric acid, and in higher amount, than strains of the  F. solani  species complex.  Fusarium  strains producing no significant amounts of this compound in pure culture, were shown to  de novo  produce that compound when grown in co-culture. The role of fusaric acid in fungal virulence and defense is discussed.

Production of Fusaric Acid by Fusarium spp. in Pure Culture and in Solid Medium Co-Cultures