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Phytochemical investigation of the bark of  Juglans sinensis  Dode (Juglandaceae) led to the isolation of two active compounds, 8-hydroxy-2-methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone ( 1 ) and 5-hydroxy-2-methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone ( 2 ), together with 15 known compounds  3 – 17 . All compounds were isolated from this plant for the first time. The structures of  1  and  2  were elucidated by spectroscopic data analysis, including 1D and 2D NMR experiments. Compounds  1 – 17  were tested for their cytotoxicity against the A549 human lung cancer cell line; compounds  1  and  2  exhibited significant cytotoxicity and additionally had potent cytotoxicity against six human cancer cell lines, MCF7 (breast cancer), SNU423 (liver cancer), SH-SY5Y (neuroblastoma), HeLa (cervical cancer), HCT116 (colorectal cancer), and A549 (lung cancer). In particular, breast, colon, and lung cancer cells were more sensitive to the treatment using compound  1 . In addition, compounds  1  and  2  showed strong cytotoxic activity towards human breast cancer cells MCF7, HS578T, and T47D, but not towards MCF10A normal-like breast cells. They also inhibited the colony formation of MCF7, A549, and HCT116 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that the percentage of apoptotic cells significantly increased in MCF7 cells upon the treatment with compounds  1  and  2 . The mechanism of cell death caused by compounds  1  and  2  may be attributed to the upregulation of Bax and downregulation of Bcl2. These findings suggest that compounds  1  and  2  may be regarded as potential therapeutic agents against cancer.

Cytotoxic Compounds from Juglans sinensis Dode Display Anti-Proliferative Activity by Inducing Apoptosis in Human Cancer Cells