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Myxobacteria of marine origin are rare and hard-to-culture microorganisms, but they genetically harbor high potential to produce novel antibiotics. An extensive investigation on the secondary metabolome of the unique marine myxobacterium  Haliangium ochraceum  SMP-2 led to the isolation of a new polyketide-nonribosomal peptide hybrid product, haliamide ( 1 ). Its structure was elucidated by spectroscopic analyses including NMR and HR-MS. Haliamide ( 1 ) showed cytotoxicity against HeLa-S3 cells with IC 50  of 12 μM. Feeding experiments were performed to identify the biosynthetic building blocks of  1 , revealing one benzoate, one alanine, two propionates, one acetate and one acetate-derived terminal methylene. The biosynthetic gene cluster of haliamide ( hla , 21.7 kbp) was characterized through the genome mining of the producer, allowing us to establish a model for the haliamide biosynthesis. The sulfotransferase (ST)-thioesterase (TE) domains encoded in  hlaB  appears to be responsible for the terminal alkene formation via decarboxylation.

Isolation and Biosynthetic Analysis of Haliamide, a New PKS-NRPS Hybrid Metabolite from the Marine Myxobacterium Haliangium ochraceum