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Cryptosporidium  is an apicomplexan parasitic protist, which infects a wide range of hosts, causing cryptosporidiosis disease. In farms, the incidence of this disease is high in animals such as cows, leading to extensive economic loss in the livestock industry. Infected cows may also act as a major reservoir of  Cryptosporidium  spp., in particular  C. parvum , the most common cause of cryptosporidiosis in these animals. This poses a risk to the trading of livestock, to other farms via breeding centres, and to human health. This study is a part of a global project aimed at strategies to tackle cryptosporidiosis. To reach this target, it was essential to determine whether prevalence was dependent on the studied countries or if the issue was borderless. Indeed,  C. parvum  occurrence was assessed across dairy farms in certain regions of Belgium, France, and the Netherlands. At the same time, the animal-to-animal transmission of the circulating  C. parvum  subtypes was studied. To accomplish this, we analysed 1084 faecal samples, corresponding to 57 dairy farms from all three countries. To this end,  18S  rRNA and  gp60  genes fragments were amplified, followed by DNA sequencing, which was subsequently used for detection and subtyping  C. parvum . Bioinformatic and phylogenetic methods were integrated to analyse and characterise the obtained DNA sequences. Our results show 25.7%, 24.9% and 20.8% prevalence of  Cryptosporidium  spp. in Belgium, France, and the Netherlands respectively. Overall, 93% of the farms were  Cryptosporidium  positive. The  gp60  subtyping demonstrated a significant number of the  C. parvum  positives belonged to the IIa allelic family, which has been also identified in humans. Therefore, this study highlights how prevalent  C. parvum  is in dairy farms and further suggests cattle as a possible carrier of zoonotic  C. parvum  subtypes, which could pose a threat to human health.

Cross-Border Investigations on the Prevalence and Transmission Dynamics of Cryptosporidium Species in Dairy Cattle Farms in Western Mainland Europe