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Klebsiella  spp. is a relevant pathogen that can present acquired resistance to almost all available antibiotics, thus representing a serious threat for public health. While most studies have been focused on isolates causing community-acquired and nosocomial infections, little is known about the commensal isolates colonizing healthy subjects. We describe the molecular identification and the phenotypic characterization of commensal  Klebsiella  spp. from breast milk of healthy women and faeces from healthy breast-fed infants, which were compared with isolates from community-acquired infections and from a nosocomial NICU outbreak. The phylogenetic analysis of a 454-bp sequence of the  rpoB  gene was useful for species identification ( K. pneumoniae ,  K. variicola ,  K. quasipneumoniae ,  K. oxytoca ,  K. grimontii ,  K. michiganensis ,  Raoultella planticola  and  R. ornithinolytica ), previously misidentified as  K. pneumoniae  or  K. oxytoca  by biochemical methods. Globally, we report that commensal strains present virulence traits (virulence genes, siderophores and biofilms) comparable to community-acquired and NICU-infective isolates, thus suggesting that the human microbiota could constitute a reservoir for infection. Isolates causing NICU outbreak were multi-drug resistant (MDR) and ESBLs producers, although an imipenem-resistant commensal MDR  K. quasipneumoniae  isolate was also found. A commensal  K. pneumoniae  strain showed a potent bacteriocin-like inhibitory activity against MDR  Klebsiella  isolates, thus highlighting the potential role of commensal  Klebsiella  spp. in health and disease.

Phenotypic and Molecular Characterization of Commensal, Community-Acquired and Nosocomial Klebsiella spp.