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The acquisition of Antibiotic-Resistance Genes (ARGs) by natural bacteria caused by antibiotic abuse is causing serious problems for human and animal welfare. Here, we evaluated the influence of three cladoceran species on Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria (ARB) and tetracycline-resistance gene ( tet (A)) copies, and discussed the effect of these biological interactions on the distribution and diffusion of ARGs in freshwater ecosystems. Bacterial community and tet (A) abundances in water samples collected from wetlands were strongly influenced by cladoceran presence. The presence of Daphnia obtusa dramatically decreased ARB and tet (A) abundance compared to that with other cladoceran species ( Chydorus sphaericus and Simocephalus vetulus ). Interestingly, we found a high abundance of Flavobacteriales in the microbiomes of cladoceran species. Considering that Flavobacteriales species are potential carriers of the tet (A) gene, their adsorption and assimilation with cladocerans could significantly impact the reduction of tet (A) in water. Field surveys also showed that tet (A) abundance could be low if the dominance of D. obtusa in each wetland was high. This study highlighted the need for ecological interactions and a broad range of niches in the food web when discussing the fate of ARGs in freshwater ecosystems.

Changes in Antibiotic-Resistance Genes Induced by the Grazing Effect in Three Cladoceran Species