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Concerns about safety, applicability and functionality associated with live probiotic cells have led to consideration of the use of non-viable microorganisms, known as paraprobiotics. The present study evaluated the effects of dietary administration of heat-inactivated cells of the probiotic strain  Shewanella putrefaciens  Ppd11 on the intestinal microbiota and immune gene transcription in  Solea senegalensis . Results obtained were evaluated and compared to those described after feeding with viable Pdp11 cells.  S. senegalensis  specimens were fed with basal (control) diet or supplemented with live or heat inactivated (60 °C, 1 h) probiotics diets for 45 days. Growth improvement was observed in the group receiving live probiotics compared to the control group, but not after feeding with a probiotic heat-inactivated diet. Regarding immune gene transcription, no changes were observed for  tnfα ,  il-6 ,  lys-c1 ,  c7 ,  hsp70 , and  hsp90aa  in the intestinal samples based on the diet. On the contrary,  hsp90ab ,  gp96 ,  cd4 ,  cd8 ,  il-1β , and  c3  transcription were modulated after probiotic supplementation, though no differences between viable and heat-inactivated probiotic supplemented diets were observed. Modulation of intestinal microbiota showed remarkable differences based on the viability of the probiotics. Thus, higher diversity in fish fed with live probiotic cells, jointly with increased  Mycoplasmataceae  and  Spirochaetaceae  to the detriment of  Brevinemataceae , was detected. However, microbiota of fish receiving heat-inactivated probiotic cells showed decreased  Mycoplasmataceae  and increased  Brevinemataceae  and  Vibrio  genus abundance. In short, the results obtained indicate that the viable state of Pdp11 probiotic cells affects growth performance and modulation of  S. senegalensis  intestinal microbiota. On the contrary, minor changes were detected in the intestinal immune response, being similar for fish receiving both, viable and inactivated probiotic cell supplemented diets, when compared to the control diet.

microorganisms

A Tentative Study of the Effects of Heat-Inactivation of the Probiotic Strain Shewanella putrefaciens Pdp11 on Senegalese Sole (Solea senegalensis) Intestinal Microbiota and Immune Response