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Fungal endophytes of the genus  Epichloë  live symbiotically in cool season grass species and can produce alkaloids toxic to insects and vertebrates, yet reports of intoxication of grazing animals have been rare in Europe in contrast to overseas. However, due to the beneficial resistance traits observed in  Epichloë  infected grasses, the inclusion of  Epichloë  in seed mixtures might become increasingly advantageous. Despite the toxicity of fungal alkaloids, European seed mixtures are rarely tested for  Epichloë  infection and their infection status is unknown for consumers. In this study, we tested 24 commercially available seed mixtures for their infection rates with  Epichloë  endophytes and measured the concentrations of the alkaloids ergovaline, lolitrem B, paxilline, and peramine. We detected  Epichloë  infections in six seed mixtures, and four contained vertebrate and insect toxic alkaloids typical for  Epichloë festucae  var.  lolii  infecting  Lolium perenne . As  Epichloë  infected seed mixtures can harm livestock, when infected grasses become dominant in the seeded grasslands, we recommend seed producers to test and communicate  Epichloë  infection status or avoiding  Epichloë  infected seed mixtures.

Epichloë Endophyte Infection Rates and Alkaloid Content in Commercially Available Grass Seed Mixtures in Europe